Salem in 1942

 World Events

• The German SS Corps herds Jews of occupied Europe to Concentration Camps. Anne Frank's family go into hiding in Amsterdam attic.
• The German "Operation Typhoon", an attempt take Moscow, fails. Japan invades Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). The first American forces land in Europe: Northern Ireland. The Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) begins service. 
• The US War Relocation Authority removes Japanese from their West Coast homes and relocates families inland at Internment Camps.
• The Voice of American begins broadcasting overseas. Carole Lombard, glamorous film actress, dies in a plane crash while on a tour promoting war bond sales.
• Manhattan Project's Enrico Fermi initiates the first nuclear chain reaction under the bleachers of Stagg Field at University of Chicago.
• Disney's "Bambi" is released to movie theaters. Academy Award: "Mrs. Miniver". Prize-winning book: In This Our Life, Ellen Glasgow.

Scrappo, a WW II work of art in downtown Salem

Scrappo, a WW II work of art in downtown Salem

1942 in Salem
For this year, we depart from our usual format to reprint the following Salem Public Library Salemhistory website article about life in Salem during World War II, researched and written by Sue Bell.

As 1942 began, National mobilization for war became the order of the day. Auto production ceased so the automotive industry could gear up to produce war materiel; rubber was rationed, tires disappeared from the civilian market; gas rationing went into effect; scrap metal was collected and turned over to the war effort; draft boards processed the scores of young men answering the call to protect their country; blackouts in all coastal cities continued, and the speed limit was reduced to 35-miles-per-hour; liquor production was curtailed till the end of the war.
Shortages of the following everyday items brought home the realities of a war-time economy: metal hair curlers, wigs, lawn mowers, girdles, sugar, quinine, gin, tea, rubber diaper covers, metal caskets, electric appliances, fly swatters, tin soldiers, electric trains, and bicycles. Scrap drives, war bonds, ration books, defense stamps, air raid wardens, articles in the newspapers offering advice on first aid after exposure to poison gas, blood drives, civil defense meetings, cautions such as "Loose lips sink ships"--all became commonplace as the Nation, and Salem, prepared for an all-out war.
Despite uniformly bad news from all the battlefronts: Wake Island taken in January; Singapore's fall in February; the Battle for the Philippines culminating in April with the fall of Bataan; that same month Burma fell (Hong Kong had fallen the previous December.) By June, Nazi U-boats had sunk 213 vessels in the Atlantic during the previous six months; in the Pacific, the Battles of the Coral Sea, and Midway and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands engaged thousands of sailors and Marines with thousands of ships, planes, and munitions against the enemy; North Africa was overrun by Erwin Rommel's Panzer divisions; and Stalingrad was fighting for its life--despite all these reverses, morale in the U.S. remained high with the spirit of "We Did It Before and We Can Do It Again." Another hit song of that era was "Praise The Lord and Pass The Ammunition."
Salem concerns were those of a Nation at war, with a few distinctly local matters. In February, President Roosevelt had issued Executive Order 9066 calling for the internment of all Japanese, "citizens or not," in one of ten resettlement camps further inland. That same month in Portland an espionage cell of some 30 Japanese was raided, leading to the Capital Journal's editorial of February 21st justifying the "Purging of Potential Spies." Marion County's 193 residents of Japanese descent were shipped on June 2, 1942, to a camp at Tulelake, California, about 35 miles south of Klamath Falls, Oregon.
In January of 1942, a project was begun that ultimately affected--economically and socially--Salem's wartime experience: the construction of Camp Adair in neighboring Polk County. By June, troops were arriving to begin training at the camp: "A city for 40,000 was built in six months." Some 8,000 civilians worked on the camp's 1,800 buildings and, after completion, more were employed to staff the five movie theaters, 13 post exchanges, two service clubs, the hospital, banks, post office, and phone exchange.
Every Friday night, groups of Salem girls took the bus to Adair to dance with the servicemen--who, in some cases, became their future husbands. The soldiers who preferred to come into Salem for recreation hung out at the U.S.O., 693 Chemeketa Street, or at favorite dance spots: the Crystal Garden Ballroom at the corner of Liberty and Ferry Streets, or the Salem Armory. Willamette University and the YMCA offered their facilities and services to Adair's soldiers. Salem homes were opened to servicemen each weekend and, despite shortages, those homes offered home-cooked meals and a taste of family to men far from home.
A huge iron and steel scrap drive on July 30th covered the west Courthouse lawn with every manner of container, toy, auto part, appliance, or household item imaginable, leading a trio of welders/sculptors to construct "Scrappo" from the ten tons of scrap metal, a symbol for the mighty efforts. Some 1,500 Salemites heard the metal sculpture "speak" (via Gardner Knapp, ventriloquist, and C.W. Paulus, who moved "Scrappo's" jaw!) And millions more throughout the Nation saw "Scrappo's" performance as the event was filmed by Universal Film Exchange, Inc., to be shown in theater newsreels across the country. Children who collected a pound of rubber that day were treated to a special free performance at the Elsinore Theater.
The war came too close for comfort in June and September of this year when Seaside was shelled from enemy ships and a Japanese plane, launched from a submarine offshore, flew low over Curry County and dropped a thermite bomb. It caused little damage in the forested area--burning only .01 of an acre --as it had been dropped from too low an altitude, but the incident proved not only the audacity of the enemy, but also that Oregonians were closer to the war zone than they had thought!
In July of 1942, Willamette's V-2 College Training Program, in cooperation with the Navy and Marine Corps, was established to meet "the military's need for a steady supply of college educated officers." Lausanne Hall, the all-female dorm, was re-designated the "U.S.S. Lausanne" and furnished housing for the trainees.
Late in the year, disaster struck the State Hospital when 47 patients died of poisoning: the assistant cook had inadvertently mixed roach powder instead of powdered milk into the scrambled eggs served that morning in November. Initially thought to be the work of a saboteur or spoilage of the eggs, the truth be-came known the following day: a tragic accident.

Salem in 1870

World Events

• The 15th Amendment to the US Constitution gives the right to vote to all citizens.
• Heinrich Schliemann, a German pioneer in archeology, excavates the ruins of the Troy of the ancient world of Homer. 
• John D. Rockefeller, the wealthiest man of his day, founds Standard Oil, the largest oil refinery in the world. 
• The Brooklyn Bridge construction over the East River in NYC begins. While underground, the Tower Subway in London is the first passenger "tube" railway.
• "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" introduces science fiction.
• Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the U.S. to vote legally since 1807.

In SalemTransportation is a main fascination (both in big city daily life and in a popular novel) this year.  Salem residents also look forward to extended opportunities in travel with hoped-for arrival of Oregon and California Railroad service convenient to the business and residences around Commercial Street. However, the citizens of 1870 would not agree to pay the railroad an additional $30,000 for laying track to the center of town. So the first railroad station was built over a mile east of downtown on 12th Street. Citizens then complained about the distance they had to travel to deliver and pick up passengers and baggage. Fortunately, by 1888 Salem had its first horse-drawn street railway, The Salem Street Railway Company. It operated from the corner of State and Commercial, extending to 12th Street and eventually along 12th to the Southern Pacific depot. Electric trolleys quickly followed.

When you visit: Salem Railroad Station
The 1889 station, shown above, was the second. Just prior to World War I, this one also burned and was replaced by the present station at 500 13th St. SE. Once the focus of lively, bustling out-of-town travel before World War II, the station was also the scene of sad family departures when the Japanese-Americans were evacuated to relocation camps during 1942. After passenger travel declined, the station fell into disrepair. The station of now serves Amtrak passenger trains on a daily basis and the classic, 1930s lobby has been restored. It is a pleasure to visit, and you might even be there when the passenger train whistles in and the conductor escorts them onto the correct coach. All aboard!

Other events

• Three new commercial buildings are constructed downtown. The Wade and Smith building on State Street retains its 1910 appearance. The Anderson and Durbin/Dearborn buildings on Commercial Street have also undergone extensive renovations. Both are featured on the SHINE Hisotric Downtown Walking Tour.
• Salem residents found entertainment in Sandy Burns' North Star Saloon, witnessing the first set of "hurdy-gurdy" girls ever brought to town and were delighted with the lively performance. In those times, North Star Saloon faced Court Street, oppose Reed's Opera House. Before Sandy Burns took over the building, the structure had served as publication office for Rev. Thomas Hall Pearne’s Pacific Christian Advocate. A new theater was the Oro Fino Theater, opening on October 16, with seating capacity for 700. "Fernande" was the initial presentation, followed by "Aladdin," the wonderful "Scamp"- a burlesque that filled the house. Oro Fino did not long survive as a theater, and the structure itself collapsed in a gale, probably during the big blow that struck Salem on January 8, 1880.

• In this year, an unusual farming photograph records Lewis Judson's threshing machine on his South Salem farm.  Judson and his wife, Almira Roberts, arrived in Oregon in 1840 on the Lausanne.  Besides his work at the mission, Judson assisted in the creation of the Oregon Institute, served as a magistrate, and was appointed Marion County surveyor. He used his self-taught medical skills to assist Salem's early residents. Judson was known as a versatile, if blunt and stubborn man.  In 1846, two years after Almira's death, he married Nancy Hawkins, the sister of Martha Boon. She divorced him in 1859. At that time he was living in Clatsop County where he spent the last years of his life.

• The Smith-Ohmart family builds a new home (above) at what is now 2655 East Nob Hill. For 70 years it was the home of the Fabritus Smith families, his daughter Velleda (Mrs. Adam Ohmart) and her son Roy Ohmart. Still in its original Italianate style appearance above the present SCAN neighborhood, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
• A true pioneer wife and loving mother to her adopted daughter, Lucy Anna Lee, Lydia Bryant Hines's life of adventure ended with her death in Salem this year. The wife of a circuit riding Methodist minister, Gustavus Hines, she had left her parents' comfortable home to endure privation as a young wife even before making the voyage to Oregon in 1840 on the Lausanne. Her years in the earliest settlement of Salem, her travels in the new northwest settlements and world-wide and her reflections on her experiences, have all been recorded in journals and make fascinating reading. She lived the last 14 years of her life here in Salem.
• The James Joseph/G.W. Gray Cottage was one of the first built in the earliest East Salem Subdivision, the Roberts Addition of 1865. It was owned by one of the brothers who built the Grey Building downtown. The cottage is in the NEN neighborhood and part of the Court-Chemeketa Historic Residential District, featured on this website.
• Polk County tax records show Lindbeck House on Orchard Heights Road in West Salem, built this year, to be one of the oldest residences of that neighborhood. Very little past ownership information is available. The previous owners were the Bouffleur family, prominent growers at this location as long ago as the 1930s. In 1967, John Lindbeck retired from the US Navy and returned to his hometown to purchase this property. With his wife Carolyn, they sold fruit from this 36-acre orchard. The property recently sold for construction of a retirement community and the house has unoccupied for several year. Its fate is uncertain.